Sam | 未分类 | 2013 年 3 月 3 日
in cc test

How to use In-Context Comment?

First make sure you have activated this plugin. You have complete control on where add “In-Context Comment” icons in each blog post using the following three commands: Add <in-context-comment:auto-on> anywhere in a blog post (in HTML edit mode) to turn on the function to automatically add an In-Context Comment icon at the end of each paragraph that is longer than a certain number of characters (see command below). The auto mode is on by default for all posts. You can use <in-context-comment:auto-off> to turn this function off in a post you don’t want in context comments. <in-context-comment:block-size:N> where N is a positive integer, e.g., 350. When the auto mode is on, this command controls the minimum number of characters a paragraph must have for an In-Context Comment icon to be added at the end of the paragraph. This is to avoid adding icons to a very short paragraph. <in-context-comment:here:tag> where “tag” is any word or words connected by hyphen, e.g., first-comment. You can add this command at any place inside a post where you want readers to leave comments. This command works regardless whether the auto mode is on or off. When the auto mode is on, if you need to edit a post, in the HTML edit mode, you will see a command <in-context-comment:autotag> (where autotag is an auto generated tag for the icon) at the location of each In-Context Comment icon. You can cut and paste the command <in-context-comment:autotag> to move the comment to any place in the post. In the plugin’s configuration page, you can turn on/off the auto mode and change the minimum block-size globally for all posts. The configuration here will apply to all posts unless you use the commands above to change it for an individual post.

Sam | 未分类 |
世界,你好!

欢迎使用 WordPress。这是系统自动生成的演示文章。编辑或者删除它,然后开始您的博客!

At first, we sample f(x) in the N (N is odd) equidistant points around x^*:

    \[ f_k = f(x_k),\: x_k = x^*+kh,\: k=-\frac{N-1}{2},\dots,\frac{N-1}{2} \]

where h is some step.
Then we interpolate points \{(x_k,f_k)\} by polynomial

(1)   \begin{equation*}  P_{N-1}(x)=\sum_{j=0}^{N-1}{a_jx^j} \end{equation*}

Its coefficients \{a_j\} are found as a solution of system of linear equations:

(2)   \begin{equation*}  \left\{ P_{N-1}(x_k) = f_k\right\},\quad k=-\frac{N-1}{2},\dots,\frac{N-1}{2} \end{equation*}

Here are references to existing equations: (1), (2).
Here is reference to non-existing equation (??).

Sam | 物理 | 2012 年 12 月 18 日
Atwood machine 超重与失重

物体在竖直方向上受到的支持力或拉力大于重力的现象叫超重,小于重力则为失重。

下图装置叫Atwood machine,定滑轮的轻绳两端所系重物的质量分别为m_{1}m_{2}m_{2}>m_{1}。规定沿绳的运动方向为正方向,即对于m_{1}向上是正方向,对于m_{2}向下为正方向,这样描述m_{1}m_{2}的加速度的符号一致。m_{2}在重力作用下向下加速运动,m_{1}被绳拉住向上做加速运动,显然m_{1}m_{2}的加速度相同,设其为a,受力分析如图,m_{1}受到向下的重力-m_{1}g和向上的拉力Tm_{2}受到向下的重力m_{2}g和向上的拉力-T

Atwood machine 超重与失重

分别对m_{1}m_{2}应用牛顿第二定律可列两个方程:

    \[ \left\{\begin{matrix} T- m_{1}g &=& m_{1}a \\ m_{2}g-T &=& m_{2}a \end{matrix}\right. \]

解出a,T

    \[ \left\{\begin{matrix} a &=& \frac{m_{2}-m_{1}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}g \\\\ T &=& \frac{2m_{1}m_{2}g}{m_{1}+m_{2}} \end{matrix}\right. \]

比较一下拉力T与物体重力的差别。

对于m_{1}

    \begin{eqnarray*} T &=& \frac{2m_{1}m_{2}g}{m_{1}+m_{2}}\\ &=& \frac{2m_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}m_{1}g > m_{1}g \end{eqnarray*}

物体m_{1}所受拉力T大于重力,运动的加速度方向与重力加速度方向相反,为超重状态。如向上加速和向下减速运动都是超重状态。

对于m_{2}

    \begin{eqnarray*} T &=& \frac{2m_{1}m_{2}g}{m_{1}+m_{2}}\\ &=& \frac{2m_{1}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}m_{2}g < m_{2}g \end{eqnarray*}

物体m_{2}所受拉力T小于重力,运动的加速度方向与重力加速度方向相同,为失重状态。如向下加速和向上减速运动都是失重状态。

综上m_{1}g<T< m_{2}g。当m_{2}\gg m_{1}m_{1}\rightarrow 0时,a\rightarrow gT \rightarrow 0,相当于m_{2}作自由落体运动;当m_{1}=m_{2}时,a=0,因为这时左右平衡物体静止。

对于m_{2}如果T=0,则为完全失重状态,完全失重状态其运动加速度就是重力加速度g,如自由落体和抛体运动。而人造卫星,空间站中宇航员他们绕地球作轨道运动,其运动的加速度是向心加速度,也就是地球引力加速度g,他们同样处于零重力状态。

失重和超重只是他们所受拉力或支持力小于或大于原重力,或者说是视重与实重的差别,重力mg在地球附近视为不变为。

绳子的张力T处处相等,T = \frac{2m_{1}m_{2}g}{m_{1}+m_{2}},滑轮受到的向下的拉力F_{PIN}=2T = \frac{4m_{1}m_{2}g}{m_{1}+m_{2}},与两物体重力之和比较一下:

    \begin{eqnarray*} (m_{1}+m_{2})g-F_{PIN} &=& (m_{1}+m_{2})g-2T \\ &=& (m_{1}+m_{2})g-\frac{4m_{1}m_{2}g}{m_{1}+m_{2}} \\ &=& \frac{(m_{1}-m_{2})^{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}g \geqslant 0 \\ \therefore F_{PIN} \leqslant (m_{1}+m_{2})g \end{eqnarray*}

从上式来看,说明两物体总体是失重的,当m_{1}= m_{2}时,等号成立,即(m_{1}+m_{2})g = F_{PIN},那就是左右物体等重,系统平衡静止时的状态。

如果把两个物体当作一个整体来看,根据之前沿绳方向为正方向的规定由牛顿第二定律,

    \begin{eqnarray*} F &=& ma \\ m_{2}g-T+T-m_{1}g &=& (m_{1}+m_{2})a \\ a &=& \frac{m_{2}g-m_{1}g}{m_{1}+m_{2}} \\ &=& \frac{m_{2}-m_{1}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}g \end{eqnarray*}

得出的加速度a,与前面一致,要算拉力T还是得单独分析每个物体。
这里考虑的是无摩擦无质量无伸缩的轻绳和滑轮,如果滑轮的质量不能忽略,则是另一种情了。

Sam | 数学 | 2012 年 12 月 3 日
合比定理和分比定理

合比定理和分比定理其实是比例的性质,其公式简洁,灵活运用可以使分式运算更简便。

合比定理、分比定理

    \[\frac{a}{b}=\frac{c}{d}\]

    \[\frac{a\pm b}{b}=\frac{c\pm d}{d} \]

    \[\frac{a}{b\pm a}=\frac{c}{d\pm c}\]

    \[\frac{a\pm b}{b\mp a}=\frac{c\pm d}{d\mp c}\]

    \[\frac{a}{c}=\frac{b}{d}\]

其中字母可代表单项式或多项式, a\neq b,否则会导致式中分母为零。

证明合比定理、分比定理

证明很简单,下面用两种方法证明第一个合比公式\frac{a+b}{b}=\frac{c+ d}{d},此式表明两个分式相等,等号两边的分子同时加其分母,等式仍然成立。

证法1:

    \[\frac{a+b}{b}=\frac{c+ d}{d} \]

两边同乘bd去分母

    \[d(a+b)=b(c+d)\]

化简得

    \[ad=bc\]

两边同除bd

    \[\frac{a}{b}=\frac{c}{d}\]

与已知条件相符,得证。

证法2:将已知条件

    \[\frac{a}{b}=\frac{c}{d}\]

两边加1得

    \[\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{b}=\frac{c}{d}+\frac{d}{d}\]

即得到要证结论

    \[\frac{a+b}{b}=\frac{c+d}{d} \]

其他证法,设\frac{a}{b}=\frac{c}{d}=k,得a=kb,~c=kd,代入原式同样可以证明,其余几个证明类似。